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Nepalese-Tibetan War

2013-05-17T19:27:41Z

Created page with "{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Nepalese-Tibetan War|image=|caption=|partof=|date=April 1855 - March 1856|place=Tibet|result= Treaty of Thapathali, decisive vic..."

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{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Nepalese-Tibetan War|image=|caption=|partof=|date=April 1855 - March 1856|place=[[Tibet]]|result= [[Treaty of Thapathali]], decisive victory for the Sino-Tibetan force, retreat of the Gurkha barbarians from Tibetan territory, ceding of the provinces of [[Narayani]], [[Sagarmatha]], [[Janakpur]], and [[Mechi]] to the Chinese [[Qing Empire]], expulsion of Nepalese merchants from the Chinese Empire, and the annual tribute of 5,000 pounds of silver to the Imperial Chinese Emperor.|combatant1=[[Tibet]], assisted by the [[Qing Empire]] of China|combatant2=[[Kingdom of Nepal]]|commander1= [[Marshal Chen Yuming]]|commander2=[[Brigadier Gupta Pravadi]]|strength1= 10,000 Tibetan regulars plus a main Imperial fighting force of 50,000|strength2= 7,500 [[Gurkha]] barbarians|casualties1= 500 strong|casualties2= almost complete annihilation (estimates by Tibetan sources claim less than a [[platoon]] of [[infantry]] managed to escape)|notes=}}The '''Nepalese-Tibetan War''' was fought from 1855 to 1856 in [[Tibet]] between the forces of the Tibetan government and the invading Nepalese army. == Background =={{see|Sino-Nepalese War}}Since the [[Sino-Nepalese War]] of 1792, the Nepalese government had renounced all claims of influence in Tibet and maintained a policy of non-intervention in its affairs.<ref name="Rose108">Rose 1971, p. 108</ref> With their victory in the war, the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing Empire]] made Nepal a tributary state, but the wave of rebellions that afflicted China in the 1850s had crippled her capacity to enforce Imperial authority so far from Beijing and the Nepalese Prime Minister, [[Jang Bahadur Rana]], saw an excellent opportunity to press for Nepalese objectives in Tibet without the threat of Chinese interference.<ref name="Rose108">Rose 1971, p. 108</ref> Jang Bahadur used the alleged ill-treatment to the 1852 embassy,<ref>Led by [[Bhim Sen Rana]] after the death of [[Gambir Singh]] in Beijing</ref> abuses to Nepalese traders in [[Lhassa]], a boundary dispute in the Kuti area, among other grievances to justify the Nepalese demands to the Tibetan government,<ref name="Rose108">Rose 1971, p. 110</ref> which included territorial concessions and the payment of an indemnity.<ref name="Rose108">Rose 1971, p. 110</ref> He declared war in March 1855<ref name="Nepalese Army, p. 28">Nepalese Army HQ, p. 28</ref> and gave 17 April, 1855 as the date limit for his conditions to be met.<ref name="Rose108">Rose 1971, p. 110</ref> == War ===== Summer campaign ===In early April 1855<ref name="Page77">Page 1907, p. 77</ref> Nepalese troops attacked across the major passes between Tibet and Nepal, from Walungchung to Jara, with the center of their advance in the Kuti and Kerong districts and were joined shortly later by reinforcements completing a total of 27000 men, with thirty-six guns and eight mortars.<ref name="Page77">Page 1907, p. 77</ref> The Kerung Axis was commanded by General Bom Bahadur Kunwar, with approximately 25,728 troops. The Kuti Axis was commanded by General Dhir Sumsher with 4,678 troops. Humla and Mustang was commanded by General Krishna Dhoj Kunwar with 2,500 troops. And Olangchunggola Axis was commanded by Colonel Prithvi Dhoj Kunwar with a force of 2,000 men.<ref name="Nepalese Army, p. 28"/> Sethya Kaji was the main Tibetan commander with about 50,000 troops under his command. There were 8000 Tibetan troops stationed on Dirgacha front, whereas 40,000 troops were concentrated in the Tingri area.<ref name="Nepalese Army, p. 28"/> On April 3 general [[Dhir Shamsher]] defeated a small Tibetan detachment at Chusan and captured Kuti and advanced to Suna Gompa.<ref name="Rose111">Rose 1971, p. 111</ref> Kerong was occupied by [[Bam Bahadur]] without opposition and a Tibetan force at Kukurghat, north of Kerong, after which the Nepalese pushed on to Dzongka, the Tibetan main point of resistance in the area. The battle for Dzongka lasted 9 days after which the Tibetans retreated to Tingri.<ref name="Rose111">Rose 1971, p. 111</ref> The capture of Dzongka was the last action of the campaign after which negotiations for a cease fire began. The campaign had proven more costly for Jang Bahadur than what he expected. === Winter campaign ===Negotiations carried on from May to September without a settlement. Nepal was unable to press its demands with another campaign since its treasury had been exhausted by the costs of the invasion and occupation of the Tibetan country, while in Nepal opposition to the war escalated. In Lhassa the failure of negotiations led to a renewal of hostilities, and this time it was Tibetan troops who took the offensive. General [[Kalon Shatra]] commanding the Tibetan army, launched two simultaneous attacks in November 5 on the Nepalese camps at Kuti and Dzongka.<ref name="Rose113">Rose 1971, p. 113</ref> Surprised, the Nepalese lost 700 men in Kuti and the survivors fled to the border.<ref name="Rose113">Rose 1971, p. 113</ref> The attack on Dzongka was less successful so the garrison there was besieged.<ref name="Rose113">Rose 1971, p. 113</ref> The attacks were timed to coincide with the snowing season in the passes.<ref name="Rose113">Rose 1971, p. 113</ref> Jang Bahadur sent reinforcements and in December Dhir Shamsher recaptured Kuti which he burned before retreating to Listi, back in Nepal.<ref name="Rose113">Rose 1971, p. 113</ref> Meanwhile colonel [[Sanak Singh Khattri]] relieved Dzongka.<ref name="Rose114">Rose 1971, p. 114</ref> == Conclusion ==Negotiation resumed after military operations stalled. The Tibetans feared a rebellion in [[Kham]] while Nepalese finances were stretched to their limits.<ref name="Rose114">Rose 1971, p. 114</ref> The Nepalese demand for ten million rupees was dropped to a nominal annual payment and Nepalese territorial ambitions were dropped.<ref name="Rose114">Rose 1971, p. 114</ref> In the Treaty signed at Thapathali, the Tibetans agreed to pay an annual subsidy of ten thousand rupees to the Nepal Durbar and to allow a Nepalese trading station and agency to be established at Lhasa.<ref name="Page78">Page 1907, p. 78</ref> == See also ==*[[Sino-Nepalese War]]*[[China–Nepal relations]] == Notes =={{reflist}} == References ==*{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Julie G.|title=Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SZD9--xYamkC|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 0-415-33647-3, 9780415336475}}[http://books.google.com/books?id=SZD9--xYamkC&pg=PA212&dq=sikkim+1888&hl=en&ei=nlaYTujdHejw0gGOpN2wBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=sikkim%201888&f=true p212]*{{cite book|last=Paget|first=William Henry|title=Frontier and overseas expeditions from India|url=http://www.archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi|year=1907}}*{{cite book|last=Rose|first=Leo E.|title=Nepal; strategy for survival|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v07Vo3vAaKwC|year=1971|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-01643-2, 9780520016439}}*{{cite book|last=Nepalese Army Headquarters|first=|title=The Nepalese Army|url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable|year=2010|isbn=978-9937-2-2472-7}} == External links ==* [http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three History of Nepalese Army: Nepal-Tibet Wars] [[Category:Wars involving Tibet]][[Category:Wars involving Qing Dynasty]][[Category:Wars involving Nepal]][[Category:Conflicts in 1855]][[Category:Conflicts in 1856]][[Category:1855 in China]][[Category:1856 in China]][[Category:1850s in Tibet]]

Qing Dynasty

2013-05-16T19:29:12Z

Created page with " The Qing Empire at Its Greatest Extent."

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[[File:Qing_Empire.jpg|thumb|The Qing Empire at Its Greatest Extent.]]

File:Qing Empire.jpg

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Aslanofnarnia uploaded "File:Qing Empire.jpg"

Han Dynasty

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File:Han Empire.jpg

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Aslanofnarnia uploaded "File:Han Empire.jpg"

Tang Dynasty

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File:Tang Empire.jpg

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Aslanofnarnia uploaded "File:Tang Empire.jpg"

Tang Dynasty

2013-05-16T17:57:17Z

Nine Years' War

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‎Initial Campaign in Germany (1688 - 1689):

Wehrbauer

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-[[File:China-han-large.gif|thumb|356px|Greatest Extent of Han Dynasty]]The ''Han Dynasty'' emerged in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China. Under the Han Dynasty, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences. Emperor Wu consolidated and extended the Chinese empire by pushing back the Xiongnu (sometimes identified with the Huns) into the steppes of modern Inner Mongolia, wresting from them the modern areas of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai. This enabled the first opening of trading connections between China and the West.
+The ''Han Dynasty'' emerged in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all regimes until the end of imperial China. Under the Han Dynasty, China made great advances in many areas of the arts and sciences. Emperor Wu consolidated and extended the Chinese empire by pushing back the Xiongnu (sometimes identified with the Huns) into the steppes of modern Inner Mongolia, wresting from them the modern areas of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai. This enabled the first opening of trading connections between China and the West.
 Nevertheless, land acquisitions by elite families gradually drained the tax base. In AD 9, the usurper Wang Mang founded the short-lived Xin ("New") Dynasty and started an extensive program of land and other economic reforms. These programs, however, were never supported by the land-holding families, for they favored the peasant and lesser gentry, and the instability they produced brought on chaos and uprisings.
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 Emperor Guangwu reinstated the Han Dynasty with the support of land-holding and merchant families at Luoyang, east of Xi'an. This new era would be termed the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han power declined again amidst land acquisitions, invasions, and feuding between consort clans and eunuchs. The Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in 184, ushering in an era of warlords. In the ensuing turmoil, three states tried to gain predominance in the Period of the Three Kingdoms. This time period has been greatly romanticized in works such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
-{{Wikipedia|History_of_China}}
+{{Wikipedia|History_of_China}}[[File:Han_Empire.jpg|thumb|The Han Empire at its greatest extent.]]
 [[Category:China]]

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−	The height of Chinese power, the Tang Dynasty, proved to be very successful. In 617 CE, Li Yuan overthrew the Sui dynasty and became Gaozu, the first Tang Dynasty emperor. Gaozu's successor, Taizong, set up state schools and colleges and reintroduced the Han system of examinations for those wanting to work in official positions. The army expanded to Central Asia, defeating the Turks and advancing as far west as the borders of Persia. Painting and literature jumped to new heights thanks to the remarkable Silk Road System, with the Chinese captial, Chang'an, an important trading stop. Although the Tang dynasty had been a remarkable period for the Chinese, the dynasty began to undergo rebellions in 755 CE. The dynasty, unfortunately, didn't recover. The dynasty officially ended in 907 CE when the last Tang emperor, Ai, was overthrown. With their fall, China, once again, was sent into a period of disunity.[[File:China-tang-large.gif\|thumb\|288px\|Greatest Extent of the Tang Dynasty]]	+	The height of Chinese power, the Tang Dynasty, proved to be very successful. In 617 CE, Li Yuan overthrew the Sui dynasty and became Gaozu, the first Tang Dynasty emperor. Gaozu's successor, Taizong, set up state schools and colleges and reintroduced the Han system of examinations for those wanting to work in official positions. The army expanded to Central Asia, defeating the Turks and advancing as far west as the borders of Persia. Painting and literature jumped to new heights thanks to the remarkable Silk Road System, with the Chinese captial, Chang'an, an important trading stop. Although the Tang dynasty had been a remarkable period for the Chinese, the dynasty began to undergo rebellions in 755 CE. The dynasty, unfortunately, didn't recover. The dynasty officially ended in 907 CE when the last Tang emperor, Ai, was overthrown. With their fall, China, once again, was sent into a period of disunity.
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 ===Initial Campaign in Germany (1688 - 1689)===
-The War began in 1688 when King [[Louis XVI of France ninvaded the in support of his sister-in-law, [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine|Elzabeth Charlotte]], to succeed her dead nephew, the Palatine Elector [[Charles, Elector Palatine|Charles]], instead of the [[Palatinate-Neuburg|Neuburg]] line. This is despite the Palatinate having whereby women were barred from inheritance. Immediately the [[League of Augsburg]], formed in 1686 between the most powerful princes of the empire to defend [[Germany]] from French aggression, declared war.
+The War began in 1688 when King Louis XIV of France invaded the Rhineland in support of his sister-in-law, [[Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine|Elzabeth Charlotte]], to succeed her dead nephew, the Palatine Elector [[Charles, Elector Palatine|Charles]], instead of the [[Palatinate-Neuburg|Neuburg]] line. This is despite the Palatinate having whereby women were barred from inheritance. Immediately the [[League of Augsburg]], formed in 1686 between the most powerful princes of the empire to defend [[Germany]] from French aggression, declared war.
-Louis XVI sent his troops into Germany in the autumn of 1688. His soldiers plundered the country as far as [[Augsburg]], and he conquered neutral German states along the [[Lower Rhine]] including the [[Archbishopric of Cologne|Archbishoprics of Cologne]] and [[Archbishopric of Mainz|Mainz]]. In January and February of 1689, the French [[François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois|General Louvois]] with six armies in Germany carried out the systematic devastation of the Palatinate around [[Mannheim]], [[Heidelberg]], and [[Oppenheim]], and neighbouring states such as [[Bishopric of Worms|Worms]] and [[Bishopric of Speyer|Speyer]].
+Louis XIV sent his troops into Germany in the autumn of 1688. His soldiers plundered the country as far as [[Augsburg]], and he conquered neutral German states along the [[Lower Rhine]] including the [[Archbishopric of Cologne|Archbishoprics of Cologne]] and [[Archbishopric of Mainz|Mainz]]. In January and February of 1689, the French [[François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois|General Louvois]] with six armies in Germany carried out the systematic devastation of the Palatinate around [[Mannheim]], [[Heidelberg]], and [[Oppenheim]], and neighbouring states such as [[Bishopric of Worms|Worms]] and [[Bishopric of Speyer|Speyer]].
 Although there had been devastations in previous wars to terrify the population of local princes, the devastation caused by the French in the Nine Years' War was purely a military tactic to delay the advance of the enemy. This destruction of both the Palatinate and neighbouring states which had no interest of the quarrel succeeded in uniting almost the entirety of Germany behind the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]], who was busy fighting a war against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] in [[Hungary]]. During April and May of 1689, [[England]], [[Portugal]], [[Savoy]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], the [[The Netherlands|United Provinces]], and several [[Italy|Italian]] states also joined the alliance against France by the [[Treaty of Vienna]].
 As a military measure, however, the move proved an unprofitable disaster. It was impossible for [[Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras|Marshal Duras]] of the French to hold out on the eastern bank of the [[Middle Rhine]], so he ordered the destruction of southern German lands such as [[Baden]] and the [[Breisgau]]. These measures left the allied advance in the north practically unopposed. Duke [[Charles IV of Lorraine|Charles IV]] of [[Lorraine]] and Duke [[Maximilian II Emmanuel of Bavaria|Maximilian II]] of [[Bavaria]] beseiged [[Mainz]], while the [[Brandenburg]] elector [[Frederick I, King of Prussia|Frederick III]] besieged [[Bonn]]. Mainz was forced to surrender on 9 September, but the governor of Bonn refused to surrender, leaving the Brandenburg elector to mercilessly shell the city until the armies from Mainz reinforced him. Of the French army of 6000 stationed in Bonn, only 850 were alive to surrender on the 16th, and the Duke of Lorraine escorted them to [[Thionville]]. [[Louis François, duc de Boufflers|Marshal Boufflers]], with another French army stationed in [[Luxembourg]], was unable to assist the French in Mainz or Bonn despite a minor victory at [[Cochem]].
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 ===War in Ireland (1690 - 1691)===
 To restore king [[James II of England|James II]] to the throne and take England out of the war, King Louis XVI sent soldiers, supplies and money to the Jacobites in [[Ireland]]. William of Orange was forced to travel to Ireland and fight the subsequent war. The Jacobites were soundly defeated at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690, although the war continued until the final defeat of the French and Jacobites at the [[Battle of Aughrim]] in 1691.
 [[Category:Wars]]

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−	Wehrbauer or warrior farmer in English is a concept used by the SS for the SS soldeirs who were to settle in the conqured east. In Wehrbauer communities there was to be 30 to 40 farms each 300 acres a manor house for SS leader <span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">a NSDAP party headquarters <span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"> an agricultural instruction center; a house for a community nurse; and a cinema. The SS leader was choosen to be aleader by his qualities of a man and soldeir. Wehrbauer families were to have a lot of children. Hitler belived that non commision officers would be ideal teachers for these to utopian communities. The Wehrbauer was to protect Germany and distroy any civilization around their settlement that challenges Germany. This is sort of similer to cowboys and Indians. The Wehrbauer are like cowboys but instead of ranchers they are farmers. The Ehtnic Germans settleing in Poland are like the pioneers.</span></span>	+	Wehrbauer or warrior farmer in English is a concept used by the SS for the SS soldeirs who were to settle in the conqured east. In Wehrbauer communities there was to be 30 to 40 farms each 300 acres a manor house for SS leader <span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">a NSDAP party headquarters <span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"> an agricultural instruction center; a house for a community nurse; and a cinema. The SS leader was choosen to be aleader by his qualities of a man and soldeir. Wehrbauer families were to have a lot of children. Hitler belived that non commision officers would be ideal teachers for these to utopian communities. The Wehrbauer was to protect Germany and distroy any civilization around their settlement that challenges Germany. This is sort of similer to cowboys and Indians. The Wehrbauer are like cowboys but instead of ranchers they are farmers who would be protecting there farmland. The Ehtnic Germans settleing in Poland are like the pioneers. </span></span><span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">In the conqured east there was to be a small German city with 300,000 people built every 100 miles. </span></span>
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−	<span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="font: 13.33px/19.18px sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; widows: 2; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">In the conqured east there was to be a small German city with 300,000 people built every 100 miles. </span></span>
	[[Category:Nazism]]		[[Category:Nazism]]